Intro

A body moving through water experiences hydrodynamic forces including buoyancy, drag, and lift.

Hydrodynamic forces diagram

Hydrodynamic Components

Added Mass

Calculates the inertia added to the system because an accelerating object must move surrounding fluid.

Viscous Damping

Models the drag forces resulting from water resistance.

Buoyancy & Hydrostatics

Calculates the vertical force based on submerged volume, crucial for depth control.

Propeller Dynamics

Simulates wake tracking and thrust production.